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Iberians Wikipedia. The Lady of Elx, 4th century BC, polychrome stone bust from LAlcdia, Elche, Spain. The Iberians Latin Hibr, from Greek, Iberes were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources among others, Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodotus and Strabo identified with that name in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula, at least from the 6th century BC. The Roman sources also use the term Hispani to refer to the Iberians. Based on your feedback we are improving the member login section of this website. We cant wait to show you the new and improved member area, coming soon. The Villa Romana del Casale Sicilian Villa Rumana d Casali is a large and elaborate Roman villa or palace located about 3 km from the town of Piazza Armerina, Sicily. The term Iberian, as used by the ancient authors, had two distinct meanings. One, more general, referred to all the populations of the Iberian peninsula without regard to ethnic differences Pre Indo European, Celts and non Celtic Indo Europeans. The other, more restricted ethnic sense, refers to the people living in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, which by the 6th century BC had absorbed cultural influences from the Phoenicians and the Greeks. This non Indo European cultural group spoke the Iberian language from the 7th to the 1st century BC. Other peoples possibly related to the Iberians are the Vascones, though more related to the Aquitani than to the Iberians. The rest of the peninsula, in the northern, central, northwestern, western and southwestern areas, was inhabited by Celts or Celtiberians groups and the possibly Pre Celtic or Proto Celtic. Indo European. Lusitanians, Vettones, and the Turdetani. HistoryeditThe Iberian culture developed from the 6th century BC, and perhaps as early as the fifth to the third millennium BC in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula. The Iberians lived in villages and oppida fortified settlements and their communities were based on a tribal organization. The Iberians in the Spanish Levant were more urbanized than their neighbors in the central and northwestern regions of the Iberian peninsula. The peoples in the central and northwest regions were mostly Celtic, semi pastoral and lived in scattered villages, though they also had a few fortified towns like Numantia. They had a knowledge of writing, metalworking, including bronze, and agricultural techniques. SettlementseditIn the centuries preceding Carthaginian and Roman conquest, Iberian settlements grew in social complexity, exhibiting evidence of social stratification and urbanization. This process was probably aided by trading contacts with the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians. The settlement of Castellet de Banyoles in Tivissa was one of the most important ancient Iberian settlements in Catalonia that was discovered in 1. Also, the Treasure of Tivissa, a unique collection of silver Iberian votive offerings was found here in 1. Lucentum was another ancient Iberian settlement, as well as Castelldefels Castle. Mausoleum of Pozo Moro near the town of Chinchilla de Monte Aragn in Castile La Mancha seems to mark the location of another big settlement. Sagunto is the location of an ancient Iberian and later Roman city of Saguntum, where a big fortress was built in the 5th century BC. Greek colonists made the first historical reference to the Iberians in the 6th century BC. They defined Iberians as non Celtic peoples south of the Ebro river Iber. The Greeks also dubbed as Iberians another people in the Caucasus region, currently known as Caucasian Iberians. It is not known if there had been any type of connection between the two peoples. The Iberians traded extensively with other Mediterranean cultures. Iberian pottery and metalwork has been found in France, Italy, and North Africa. The Iberians had extensive contact with Greek colonists in the Spanish colonies of Emporion, Rhode, Zakynthos and Hemeroskopeion. The Iberians may have adopted some of the Greeks artistic techniques. Statues such as the Lady of Baza and the Lady of Elx are thought to have been made by Iberians relatively well acquainted with Greek art. Thucydides stated that one of the three original tribes of Sicily, the Sicani, were of Iberian origin, though Iberian at the time could have included what we think of as Gaul. The Iberians also had contacts with the Phoenicians, who had established various colonies in southern Andalucia. Their first colony on the Iberian Peninsula was founded in 1. BC and was originally called Gadir, later renamed by the Romans as Gades modern Cdiz. Other Phoenician colonies in southern Iberia included Malaka Mlaga, Sexi and Abdera. Second Punic War and Roman conquestedit. Iberia during the Second Punic War, showing Carthaginian yellow and Roman red territories and allies. After the First Punic war, the massive war debt suffered by Carthage led them to attempt to expand their control over the Iberian peninsula. Hamilcar Barca began this conquest from his base at Cdiz by conquering the Tartessian Guadalquivir river region, which was rich in silver. After Hamilcars death, his son Hasdrubal continued his incursions into Iberia, founding the colony of Qart Hadasht modern Cartagena and extending his influence all the way to the southern bank of the river Ebro. After Hasdrubals assassination in 2. BC, Hannibal assumed command of the Carthaginian forces and spent two years completing the conquest of the Iberians south of the Ebro. In his first campaign, Hannibal defeated the Olcades, the Vaccaei and the Carpetani expanding his control over the river Tagus region. Hannibal then laid siege to Roman ally of Saguntum and this led to the beginning of the Second Punic War. The Iberian theater was a key battleground during this war and many Iberian and Celtiberian warriors fought for both Rome and Carthage, though most tribes sided with Carthage. Rome sent Gnaeus and Publius Cornelius Scipio to conquer Iberia from Carthage. Gnaeus subsequently defeated the Iberian Ilergetes tribe north of the Ebro who were allied with Carthage, conquered the Iberian oppidum of Tarraco and defeated the Carthaginian fleet. After the arrival of Publius Scipio, Tarraco was fortified and, by 2. BC, the Scipio brothers had overrun the Carthaginian and allied forces south of the Ebro. However, during this campaign, Publius Scipio was killed in battle and Gnaeus died in the retreat. The tide turned with the arrival of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus in 2. BC. Scipio attacked and conquered Carthago Nova and defeated the army of Hasdrubal Barca at the Battle of Baecula 2. The war dragged on with Carthage sending more reinforcements until the Battle of Ilipa modern Alcal del Ro in Sevilla province, which was a decisive victory for Publius Scipio Africanus. The Carthaginians retreated to Gades, and Publius Scipio gained control over the entire south of the peninsula. After this victory, the Ilergetes and other Iberian tribes revolted and it was only after this revolt that the Romans conquered the rest of the Carthaginian territories in southern Spain. After the Carthaginian defeat, the Iberian territories were divided into two major provinces, Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. In 1. 97 BC, the Iberian tribes revolted once again in the H. Citerior province. After securing these regions, Rome invaded and conquered Lusitania and Celtiberia. The Romans fought a long and drawn out campaign for the conquest of Lusitania. Wars and campaigns in the northern regions of the Iberian peninsula would continue until 1. BC, when the final rebellions of the Cantabrian Wars were defeated. Browse By Author D Project Gutenberg. DAbbadie, Arnauld. See Abbadie, Arnauld d, 1. DAbrants, Laure Junot, duchesse. See Abrants, Laure Junot, duchesse d, 1. Da Cmara, Joo. See Cmara, Joo da, 1. Da Conceio Velloso, Jos Mariano. See Velloso, Jos Mariano da Conceio, 1. Da Costa, Antnio Cndido Ribeiro. See Cndido, Antnio, 1. Da Costa de Souza de Macedo, Antonio. See Macedo, Antonio da Costa de Souza de, 1. Da Costa, Jos Daniel Rodrigues. See Costa, Jos Daniel Rodrigues da, 1. Da Costa Ricci, Lewis Anselm. See Bartimeus, 1. Da Cunha, Xavier. See Cunha, Xavier da, 1. Chinese as AuthorKowalewska, Linda da. The Jew English as TranslatorDAlbaflor, Joan. See Carner, Josep, 1. Dale, Felix. See Merivale, Herman Charles, 1. Dalrymple, John, Earl of Stair. 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